Growing and Caring for Tree Ferns: A Complete Guide
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Tree ferns, with their majestic fronds and captivating beauty, add a touch of tropical elegance to any garden. These ancient plants are definitely the pride and joy of my back garden.
In this guide, we will explore the world of tree ferns, including their care requirements, growth habits, and tips for successful cultivation.
Whether you're a beginner or an experienced gardener, this article will equip you with the knowledge to nurture and enjoy these remarkable ferns.
To learn more about ferns, check out my guide Evergreen Ferns for Year-Round Interest.
A tree fern typically has a slender, upright trunk covered in rough, fibrous scales. From the top of the trunk, lacy fronds emerge in an upward arching pattern. The fronds can vary in shape and size depending on the species, but they often have a delicate, feathery appearance.
Understanding Tree Ferns
Tree ferns are ancient plants that have been around for millions of years. Fossil records suggest that tree ferns first appeared on Earth during the late Jurassic period, approximately 180 million years ago.
This means that tree ferns have been thriving on our planet since the time of the dinosaurs. Their longevity and ability to adapt to various environments make them fascinating living relics from the past.
Tree ferns are considered to be evergreen ferns and belong to the family Cyatheaceae and are known for their large, lacy fronds that unfurl from the top of a sturdy trunk.
They are native to various regions, including Australia, New Zealand, and tropical rainforests worldwide. Some well-known tree fern species include the Australian Tree Fern or Dicksonia antarctica and the Scaly Tree Fern or Cyathea cooperi.
How to Grow a Tree Fern: Choosing the Right Tree Fern
When selecting a tree fern, consider the specific species that will thrive in your climate.
The Australian Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica) and Scaly Tree Fern (Cyathea cooperi) are two popular choices for different regions.
The Australian Fern is hardy in USDA zones 9-11, while the Scaly Tree Fern is better suited for USDA zones 10-12.
A tree fern is an excellent choice for an east facing garden.
Australian Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica).
Scaly Tree Fern (Cyathea cooperi).
How to Plant a Tree Fern
Here are the Australian Tree Ferns I recommend, depending on if you are wanting to start with a small plant or a larger one:
Planting tree ferns requires careful consideration of its specific needs.
Choose a location that provides partial shade, as direct sunlight can scorch the delicate fronds.
Planting a tree fern properly is crucial for its establishment and long-term health.
Follow these steps to ensure successful tree fern planting:
Selecting the Planting Location:
Choose a suitable location for your tree fern that provides partial shade.
Avoid areas with intense, direct sunlight as it can scorch the delicate fronds.
Additionally, ensure the planting site has well-draining soil to prevent waterlogged conditions, which can be detrimental to the fern's roots.
Digging the Hole:
Dig a hole with a spade that is wide and deep enough to accommodate the entire root ball of the tree fern.
The hole should be slightly larger than the diameter of the root ball to allow room for proper root growth.
It's important to position the tree fern at the same level it was previously growing, with the crown (where the fronds emerge) at ground level.
Preparing the Soil:
Tree ferns prefer a soil mixture that is rich in organic matter, well-draining, and slightly acidic.
Enhance the soil in the planting hole by adding organic compost or well-rotted leaf litter to improve its structure and fertility.
This helps retain moisture while allowing excess water to drain away.
Here is the organic compost I recommend using:
Placing the Tree Fern:
Gently place the tree fern in the center of the prepared hole, ensuring the crown is level with or slightly above ground level.
Take care not to damage the delicate roots or the growing tip (apical meristem) at the center of the crown, as it is responsible for producing new fronds.
Backfilling and Firming the Soil:
Gradually backfill the hole with the prepared soil mixture, ensuring that the soil fills in around the roots, leaving no air pockets.
Tamp the soil gently as you fill to remove any large air spaces.
Avoid compacting the soil too heavily, as this can hinder water infiltration and root growth.
Watering and Mulching:
Water the newly planted tree fern thoroughly, ensuring that the soil is evenly moist.
For this you could use rainwater collected from a water butt.
After watering, apply a layer of organic mulch around the base of the fern, leaving a small gap around the crown to prevent excessive moisture accumulation.
Mulching helps retain soil moisture, suppresses weed growth, and provides insulation.
Here is the mulch I recommend:
Post-Planting Care:
Keep a close eye on the moisture levels of the soil surrounding the tree fern.
While it requires consistent moisture, avoid overwatering to prevent waterlogging.
Regularly monitor the plant for any signs of stress or inadequate water uptake, adjusting your watering practices accordingly.
Watering your tree fern is a great way to use rainwater collected from a water butt.
For more watering tips, check out my guide How to Use Watering Globes.
Staking:
Depending on the size and stability of the tree fern, you may need to provide temporary staking to support it until the roots become established.
Use soft ties or fabric strips to secure the trunk gently to the stake, avoiding any tight binding that could damage the tree fern.
Here are the fabric strips I recommend for staking:
Plant Care: Watering and Feeding
Tree ferns thrive in moist environments, but excessive water can lead to root rot.
Water deeply and regularly, ensuring the soil remains consistently damp but not waterlogged.
During hotter months, misting the fronds can help maintain humidity levels.
Fertilize tree ferns with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer during the growing season to provide essential nutrients.
Here is the slow-release fertilizer I recommend:
For more tips and inspiration for your shade garden, check out my guides:
New Frond Development
One of the most exciting aspects of tree ferns is the emergence of new fronds.
These fronds unfurl in a stunning display, adding grace and elegance to the plant. New fronds typically appear from the center of the crown and grow upward.
Ensure adequate moisture and nutrition to support healthy frond development.
New fronds emerging from a tree fern.
Protection and Maintenance
During colder months, when temperatures drop below freezing, tree ferns in cooler climates may need extra protection.
Wrapping the trunk with burlap or hessian and filling the crown with dry mulch can help insulate the plant.
Prune any damaged or dead fronds to maintain the plant's aesthetic appeal and prevent the accumulation of debris.
Here is the burlap I recommend using in order to protect your tree fern from freezing:
Tree Fern FAQs
Where Do Tree Ferns Grow?
Tree ferns grow in various regions with tropical or subtropical climates, including Australia, New Zealand, Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, and tropical rainforests worldwide.
What temperatures can a tree fern tolerate?
Tree ferns generally prefer warm temperatures and are best suited for tropical or subtropical climates.
While specific temperature tolerances can vary among different tree fern species, most thrive in a temperature range of 60 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit (15 to 27 degrees Celsius) during the day.
It's worth noting that some tree fern species, such as the Australian Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica), can tolerate colder temperatures for short periods. In regions with mild winters, they can withstand light frosts or temperatures slightly below freezing for a brief time.
However, prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures can be damaging to tree ferns, potentially causing the fronds to die back or the entire plant to suffer.
Does Tree Fern Grow in Florida?
Yes, tree ferns can grow in Florida.
The Australian Tree Fern (Cyathea cooperi) is a popular species that thrives in warm, tropical climates.
With its large, lacy fronds and attractive trunk, it adds a touch of elegance to any garden in Florida.
Does Tree Fern Grow in the UK?
While tree ferns are not native to the UK, they can be successfully grown in certain regions.
The most commonly grown species is the Australian Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica), which is native to Australia and New Zealand.
With proper protection and care, these ferns can withstand the UK climate and add a striking focal point to your garden.
Do Tree Ferns Have Roots?
Yes, tree ferns have roots, but they are different from the conventional root systems of most plants.
Instead of growing deep into the soil, tree fern roots are predominantly aerial and form a fibrous mass that clings to the trunk or crevices in the ground.
These roots absorb moisture and nutrients from the air and rain.
When watering tree ferns it is important to water the crown and trunk as that is where the majority of the roots are.
Do Tree Ferns Die Back in Winter?
In colder regions, tree ferns may experience some dieback during winter.
The fronds may turn brown or become damaged due to frost or cold temperatures.
However, as long as the trunk remains healthy, the tree fern will usually regrow new fronds in spring.
Do Tree Ferns Like Shade or Full Sun?
Tree ferns generally prefer partial shade or filtered sunlight.
While they can tolerate some direct sunlight, prolonged exposure to intense sunlight can scorch their fronds.
It's best to provide them with a sheltered spot that receives dappled sunlight or morning sun and afternoon shade.
Do Tree Ferns Have Invasive Roots?
Tree ferns are not considered to have invasive roots.
Their root systems are relatively compact and primarily serve to anchor the plant and absorb moisture and nutrients from the surrounding environment.
However, it's still advisable to plant them at a safe distance from buildings or other structures.
Do Tree Ferns Need Feeding?
Yes, tree ferns benefit from regular feeding to support their growth and overall health.
Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer specifically formulated for ferns in spring and summer. Follow the instructions on the fertilizer package for the correct dosage and application method.
Here is the slow-release fertilizer I recommend.
Do Tree Ferns Need a Lot of Water?
Tree ferns have high water requirements, especially during the warmer months.
Ensure that the soil around the base of the plant remains consistently moist but not waterlogged.
Water the fern deeply and frequently, particularly during dry periods. Mist the fronds occasionally to maintain humidity.
Do Tree Ferns Grow in Full Sun?
While tree ferns prefer partial shade, certain species, such as the Australian Tree Fern, can tolerate some full sun if provided with adequate moisture and protection from intense heat.
It's important to monitor the plant for signs of stress, such as wilting or scorching, and provide shade if necessary.
What Soil Do Tree Ferns Like?
Tree ferns prefer a well-draining, organic-rich soil that retains moisture without becoming waterlogged.
A mix of compost, and well-rotted leaf mold is ideal. Ensure that the soil pH is slightly acidic to neutral for optimal growth.
What to Plant Tree Ferns In?
Plant tree ferns in a spacious, well-prepared hole in the ground, ensuring that the planting depth matches the previous growing level of the fern.
Backfill the hole with a mixture of the recommended soil blend and firm it gently around the roots. Mulch the area around the plant to retain moisture and suppress weed growth.
What is the Scientific name of tree fern?
The scientific name of the tree fern family is Cyatheaceae. This family includes various species of tree ferns.
Each tree fern species has its own unique scientific name. Some examples include: Australian Tree Fern: Dicksonia antarctica, and Scaly Tree Fern: Cyathea cooperi.
Australian Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica).
Conclusion
Tree ferns, with their ancient lineage and striking appearance, have the power to transform any garden into a lush, tropical paradise. By understanding their specific requirements and following proper care techniques, you can successfully grow and enjoy these captivating plants.
With their large, lacy fronds and unique growth patterns, tree ferns make a stunning addition to any garden, providing an enchanting focal point and a touch of exotic beauty.
So, whether you choose the Australian Tree Fern, Scaly Tree Fern, or any other fern tree species, be prepared to be mesmerized by their natural splendor and enjoy the rewarding experience of nurturing these fascinating plants.
